1. INTRODUCTION
A bio-battery is an energy storing device that is powered by organic compounds. Bio-Battery generates electricity from renewable fuels (glucose, sucrose, fructose, etc) providing a sustained, on-demand portable power source. When enzymes in our bodies break down glucose, several electrons and protons are released. Therefore, by using enzymes to break down glucose, bio-batteries directly receive energy from glucose. These batteries then store this energy for later use. This concept is almost identical to how both plants and many animals obtain energy. Bio battery use biocatalyst, either biomolecules such as enzymes or even whole living organism to catalyze oxidation of bio mass-based materials for generating electrical energy.
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FIG: A Bio Battery
Bio Battery can be called as energy accumulated device that is motorized by organic compounds, usually being glucose, like glucose in human blood. Many electrons and protons are released due to break down of glucose by enzymes present in our body. Thus, bio batteries directly get energy from glucose by using enzymes present in a human body break down glucose. An interesting fact is that bacteria can generate electricity when a protein in their cell membranes gets in touch with a mineral surface. Shewanella oneidensis is marine bacteria that can develop electric currents when bared to heavymetals like iron and manganese. These proteins can transmit electrons transversely a membrane at a rate faster enough so that the energy produced is sufficient so that bacteria can survive. Functioning of these bacteria will help scientists in making those bio batteries that could store energy for sensors in remote environment.
Human blood and sugar glucose are considered as most priceless sources of power because they happen naturally, are easy to get and no harmful emissions are reproduced. Another interesting battery uses human urine as its fuel. The size of the device is like a credit card size and might form the source of economical, disposable disease testing kits. What makes it more useful is that the battery and devices for testing is incorporated in one disposable chip
1.1 Necessity
There are several reasons to research alternative fuel sources. For one, it may lead to an alternative solution to our dependence on oil and other types of energy sources that harm the environment. Also, from a medical point of view, developing small batteries that can be powered by a human body my prove revolutionary for many reasons: health complications/cost/availability. Carbohydrates (glucose) are broken down to release energy and generate electricity. This bio battery, which is based on mechanisms used in living organism, is not only friendly to the environment but also has great potential for use as an energy source.
Unlike fossil fuels, carbohydrates (glucose) are carbon neutral and do not contribute to increases in carbon dioxide. The important constraints like energy density, size/weight, instant recharge, flexible shape, renewable biocatalysts, room temperature operation, and readily available fuel source created the necessity of batteries which can be renewable and a continuous source of energy. The invention of Bio batteries contribute in goodwill of the environment but eliminating the shortfalls offered by traditional batteries made up of metal plates.
Fig: Carbon cycle
Plants create both carbohydrates and oxygen by photosynthesis from carbon dioxide and water. Animals take up those carbohydrates and oxygen and utilize them as an energy source and release carbon dioxide and water. Then this cycle starts again. Since the carbon dioxide is recycled in this system, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere does not increase. If electrical energy could be directly acquired from this cycle, we could obtain more environmentally friendly energy than that from fossil fuels. Furthermore, renewable energy sources such as glucose (which is present in plants and therefore abundantly available) have an extremely high energy density. Batteries containing heavy metals pose a danger to both the environment and human health. Bio batteries that have been developed in recent years need to be placed in separate compartments for waste separation. But in the near future, it may be possible to completely avoid metals in our batteries.
1.2 Theme
Bio battery, which is based on Energy for activity, that is the ATP and thermal energy commonly used in the living organism, can be obtained from the exchange of the electrons and protons through these two enzymatic reactions. To take advantage of this living organism mechanism, the energy for activity from inside the organism must be removed outside the organism as electrical energy. That is, when the electrons and protons move from enzyme to enzyme, it is necessary to extract just the electrons and divert them through a separate path. Thus Sony used an electron transport mediator so thatelectrons could be exchanged smoothly between the enzymes and the electrodes that are the entrance and exit to that detour. The principles of the bio battery are based on the energy conversion mechanism in living organisms.
However, in order to create the bio battery, several technologies needed to be developed. These include immobilization of enzymes that are normally incompatible with carbon and metal electrodes, electrode structures, and electrolytes. Mechanisms used in living organisms, are notonly friendly to the environment but is also likely to be of practical use as an energy source. This prototype bio battery has achieved the world’s highest power output of 50 mW*2.
Fig -3: Stacked Bio Battery
There are two types of Bio batteries Passive system type & Active type system. In passive type system reactive substances are absorbed in to the electrodes through a process of natural diffusion. In active type system the reactive substance are introduced by force by technique as string, convection. Biobatteries
work similarly to the metabolic process in our bodies, or more specifically the metabolic processes in ruminants and termites that have the ability to digest cellulose. Enzymes break down cellulose into glucose, a central energy source in both animal and plant metabolism and a clean energy source while bio-battery is more environmentally friendly to recycle than metal-based batteries as it creates its own energy from the
cellulose found in cardboard and paper.
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 Introduction
Electricity, as we already know, is the flow of electrons through a conductive path like a wire. This path is called a circuit. Batteries have three parts, an anode (-), a cathode (+),and the electrolyte. The cathode and anode (the positive and negative sides at either end of a traditional battery) are hooked up to an electrical circuit.
Fig -4: Traditional Battery Principle
The chemical reactions in the battery cause a buildup of electrons at the anode. This results in an electrical difference between the anode and the cathode. You can think of this difference as an unstable build-up of the electrons. The electrons want to rearrange themselves to get rid of this difference. But they do this in a certain way. Electrons repel each other and try to go to a place with fewer electrons. In a battery, the only place to go is to the cathode. But, the electrolyte keeps the electrons from going straight from the anode to the cathode within the battery. When the circuit is closed (a wire connects the cathode and the anode) the electrons will be able to get to the cathode. In the picture above, the electrons go through the wire, lighting the light bulb along the way. This is one way of describing how electrical potential causes electrons to flow through the circuit.
However, these electrochemical processes change the chemicals in anode and cathode to make them stop supplying electrons. So there is a limited amount of power available in a battery. When we recharge a battery, you change the direction of the flow of electrons using another power source, such as solar panels. The electrochemical processes happen in reverse, and the anode and cathode are restored to their original state and can again provide full power.
2.2 History
As an electrical signal can induce a biological reaction; the reverse in is also true in most of the cases and in this way biological processes can be used to generate electricity for powering electrical equipment. Even though the Bio fuel cells have been known for almost a century since the first microbial BFC(Bio fuel cells) was demonstrated in 1912,the first enzyme-based bio-fuel cell was reported only in 1964 using glucose oxidize (GOx) as the anodic catalyst and glucose as the bio-fuel.
The first Bio Battery:
The Bio Battery, based on the work of Professor Kenji Kano (Kyoto University), is a type of battery that uses energy sources such as carbohydrates, amino acids and enzymes from a variety of sources. anode consists of sugar-digesting enzymes and mediator, and the cathode composes of oxygenreducing enzymes and mediator. The mediators in this case are Vitamin K3 for the anode and potassium ferricyanide for the cathode. When sugar is added to the mixture, the anode garners the electrons and hydrogen ions. When the battery generates power, the protons travel to the cathode through the electrolyte to combine with the oxygen to produce water. Since the biocatalysts (enzymes) are very selective catalytically, the miniaturized bio-fuel cell could in principle be fabricated as a membrane-less fuel cell.
Bio Battery using Carbohydrates
Sony Corporation (Japan) has developed a bio-battery with a peak power output of 50 mW, which could power a portable MP3 player. On August 23, 2007 Sony announced he development of a bio battery that generates electricity from carbohydrates (sugar) utilizing enzymes as its catalyst, through the application of power generation rinciples found in living organisms.
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Fig -5: An Mp3 powered by a Bio battery
Recent Bio Batteries using Blood and Sweat:
“ Its flexible , it can be shaped or folded , & can poke a hole in it & it still works ” says chemist ROBERT LINHARDT , a member of research team that developed the new bio battery made from paper & carbon nano tubes working at RENSSELAR POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE IN NEWYORK, easily implanted directly under the skin unlike metal batteries.
The Latest Bio Battery using Virus:
Scientists engineered a virus at the “MIT” that could form a battery 3 times more powerful than those found in gadgets today. PROBLEM: virus can mutate & can spread by air. Sowhen these batteries run our laptop we really have to watch which virus to remove.
Bio Battery using Bacteria:
Bielefeld iGEM team is to develop an environmentally friendly bio-battery (Microbial fuel cell -- MFC), which directly transforms bacteria into energy. Batteries such as these work in the same way as conventional batteries, but with anode and the cathode components, just like the batteries now in current household use. A partly permeable membrane separates the two areas. In contrast to conventional batteries, however, there are bacteria in the anode area of the bio-battery instead of electrolytes. These break down substrates, in this case glucose, in a metabolic process. This produces electrons that after starting from the anode are finally delivered in an external loop to the cathode. The external circuit is then the one with the battery-powered application, for example, for lights or small motors. In this way, bacteria can produce electric energy. The bio-battery offers an array of advantages. Due to their simple onstruction they can be used in regions here there is shortage of electricity, for example, such as in developing countries. An advantage that the bio-battery has over other regenerative energy sources, such as solar and wind power is that they are not dependent on the weather. In the case of bio-batteries, the more nourishment the bacteria receive the more energy they produce. What is more, in theory bacteria are an inexhaustible source of energy as they multiply quickly when supplied with substrates.[5]
A new study reveals how bacteria produce electricity when proteins in their cell membranes come into contact with a mineral surface. Scientists have known for some time that a family of marine bacteria known as Shewanella oneidensis, found in deep ocean sediments and soil, can create electrical currents when exposed to heavy metals like iron and manganese
In a study published (March 25,13) in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers show that these proteins can ferry electrons across a membrane at a rate fast enough to produce the energy the bacteria need to survive
Fig: Bacteria that produces electricity
In the laboratory, the Bielefeld students are investigating various bacterial organisms and their genetic components. Through the combination of differing genes it is ossible to optimize the organism Escherichia coli with a view to produce electricity more efficiently. The students can already reportinitial successes: they have isolated various genes that serve to carry the electrons and begun to construct a suitable apparatus for the production of electricity. They would like to have an optimized bio-battery for small-scale use developed by the time the preliminary European round of the iGEM has been decided. Thus on July 17, 2013 technology sights on constructing a bio-battery making use of the bacteria Escherichia coli to convert glucose into energy. [5].
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3. SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
3.1 Introduction
A bio-battery generates electricity from carbohydrates (sugar) utilizing enzymes as the catalyst, through the application of power generation principles found in living organisms. The bio-battery incorporates an anode consisting of sugardigesting enzymes and mediator, and a cathode comprising oxygen-reducing enzymes and mediator, either side of a cellophane separator. The anode extracts electrons and hydrogen ions from the sugar (glucose) through enzymatic oxidation as follows:
Glucose→Gluconolactone+2H+ + 2e−
The hydrogen ion migrates to the cathode through the separator. Once at the cathode, the hydrogen ions and electrons absorb oxygen from the air to produce
O2 +4H+ +4e− →2H2O
Fig : Principle of Fuel Cell
During this electrochemical reaction, the electrons passthrough the outer circuit to generate electricity .It is interesting to note that the catalytic four-electron reduction of oxygen to water could take place at an enzyme electrode in a neutral solution. Due to the selective reactivity of the enzymes at each electrode, no cross reaction occurs between the anode and cathode. In general the Bio batteries could be classified into
many types based on fuel containment, fuel and catalyst sources, origin of the catalytic enzymes and the method of electron transfer between reaction site and electrode.
3.2 Working
A Bio-Battery battery consists of two different metals suspended in an acidic solution. They contain an anode, cathode, separator and electrolyte, which are the basic components to any cell battery. Each component is layered on top of another component. Anodes and cathodes are the negative and positive areas on a battery. The anode is located at the top of the battery and the cathode is located at the bottom of the battery.[Anodes are components that allow electrons to flow in from outside the battery, whereas cathodes
are devices that allow current to flow out from the battery.
Fig : Working of a Bio Battery
Between the anode and the cathode lies the electrolyte which contains a separator. The main function of the separator is to keep the cathode and anode separated, to avoid electrical short circuits. This system as a whole allows for a flow of protons (H+) and electrons (e-) which ultimately generate electricity. The movement of protons has a moving force that pushes, this movement is called current. When this moving force (current) is measured, it is measured it what is called voltage or volts.
Fig: Elements of a Bio battery
Like a conventional fuel cell battery, Bio Battery basically consists of an anode, cathode, electrolyte and separator. However, Bio Battery has certain specific characteristics. First, biological enzymes are used as catalysts for the anode and cathode. Second, enzymes and electronic mediators (which transfer electrons between enzymes, and between enzymes and electrodes) are fixed on the anode and cathode.
Glucose is broken down on the anode side of the battery, producing protons (H+) and electrons (e-). The protons (H+) are transferred to the cathode side through the separator, while the electrons (e-) are transported to the cathode side through the mediator, which transfers them to the external circuit. The cathode uses the enzymes to drive an oxygen-reduction reaction which ultimately produces water using both the protons (H+) and the electrons (e-) transferred from the anode. These reactions at the anode and cathode generate electric energy by creating proton (H+) and electron (e-) flow in the cell system.
Bio batteries are heavily based on the amount of glucose available. The decomposition of materials to glucose (if they are not already in the proper stage) is the main step in getting the cycle started. Materials can be converted into glucose through the process of enzymatic hydrolysis. Enzymatic hydrolysis is the process in which cellulose (an insoluble substance) is converted to glucose with the addition of enzymes. After glucose exists oxygen and other enzymes can act on the glucose to further produce hydrogen ions and electrons.
Fig : Enzymes used to convert sugar directly into electrical energy
Fig : Enzymes extracted from microorganisms
As shown in the above figure Bio battery uses enzymes to convert sugar directly into electrical energy. Enzymes are extracted from microorganisms these enzymes are immobilized in Carbon Nanotube based electrode. Nanocomposite electrodes are integrated with fuel cell hardware
3.3 Features & Specifications
The bio batteries are stacked in single or a multi cell prototype. The packaging aspects of the bio-fuel cells are also analyzed and the found that relatively little work has been done in the engineering development of bio-fuel cells.The single cell and six cell bio battery packaging is as shown in the figure below
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Fig : Single Cell Bio battery
Fig : Six Cell Bio battery
The single cell type bio battery prototype has a power density of approximately 10 mili wat per square cm at the current density of 25 mA per square cm providing voltage of about 800 mV. While the six cell stack has apower density of approximately 0.25 mili watt per square cm at the current density of 125 mA per square cm providing voltage of about 2 volts. Rapid progress has led to state of the art power and current densities of 9mW/cm2 and 35mA/cm2.
The Bio battery has greater than six months shelf life at +55°C (results from 6 test cells). Significant increase over enzyme in free solution (denatured at 40°C).. This storage and operating performance is shown in the graphs below.
Devices (3 cells) show stable current (>1.5mA/cm2) over 72 hrs continuous operation with 160μL/min of fuel recirculation. The current density versus operating time graph is shown in the graph above.
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The bio battery Shows robust, repeatable, and reliable performance and stable operation from -30°C to +55°C for >6 months.
The performance of a bio battery can be understood by analyzing it with the help of an application demo.The
following example shows a Bio-Battery Powering Microprocessor and LCD.
Fig: Microprocessor and LCD powered by bio battery
The open circuit voltage here is > 4.0V, Short-Circuit Current is > 125mA .The load voltage is V >2.0V and current is approximately0.5mA while the power is 1mW .This application needs 5mL of glucose fuel is sufficient for >100 hrs operation Another example shows Sensor and Wireless Transmitter running on a bio battery
Fig : Sensor and Wireless Transmitter running on a biobattery
Temperature sensor with 2.4GHz radio attached powered by 6-cell Bio-Battery Stack Bio-Battery. It wirelessly transmits data to computer (temperature and voltage). Average power draw is 5mA (peak 20mA) at 3.0V. It transmits every 1sec allows ~1.5-2hrs operation with Bio-Battery. Transmitting every 60sec would allow ~100hrs operation. The new Prototype of bio batteries id developed in March 2013 .It is a 5W Prototype with 15-Cell Graphite Stack. This prototype is as shown in the figure below
Fig: 15 cell stack bio battery
This 5W Prototype with 15-Cell Graphite Stack Designed and fabricated with graphite bipolar plate configuration . This Stack provides 5V at 1A (5W).It is Fitted with USB connector and demonstrated powering electronic devices and recharging an iPhone.
4. ADVANTAGES
A significant advantage that bio-batteries have in comparison to other batteries is their ability to allow an instant recharge.In other words through a constant supply of sugar, or glucose, bio batteries are able to continuously keep themselves charged without an external power supply with high fuel flexibility like sugar, alcohol, diesel, ethanol,blood etc Other advantages include high energy density, size/weight, instant recharge, flexible shape, renewable biocatalysts, room temperature operation, readily available fuel source.It can be an implantable power source with flexible paper based prototypes. This is an Government and IR&D funded research Since 2004 . Bio batteries are also a source of non-flammable, and non-toxic fuel. This provides a clean alternative renewable power source.
5. APPLICATIONS
6. FUTURE SCOPE
Bio Battery has great potential as a next-generation energy device. Advantages include its excellent harmony with the environment as a product fueled by a carbohydrate (glucose) having high energy density. Sony will continue to work toward the commercialization of this technology in the near future, initially for use in toys and other low-power products.
Bio-batteries have a very bright future ahead of them as test productions and research have been increasing over recent years. They serve as a new form of energy that is proving tobe environmentally friendly, as well as successful, in producing and reserving energy. Fully-integrated demonstrations are to be executed in close collaboration with customer, for relevant applications.
7. CONCLUSIONS
The Bio batteries are High performing, stable, and reproducible enzymatic fuel cell technology developed over last 5 years. The Scaled-up demonstration of Bio-Battery powering electronic circuit (performed at both Power Sources and Army Science Confs). Fully-integrated Bio-Battery charging prototypes are already developed. Funding secured from multiple Department of Defense (DOD) agencies for multiple target applications over the next 3-5 years.
While many exciting announcements have been made in the field of bio-batteries, it may be some time before we see them replacing nickel-cadmium, lithium-ion or the several other types of traditional batteries. Even so, the small, flexible, longlasting and environmentally friendly battery technologies discussed here show the great possibilities researchers see in bio-batteries, especially for the field of medicine The technology generates electricity by turning shredded paper into sugar which in turn is used as fuel. If brought to market, their mobile devices using waste material.
Compared to conventional batteries, such as lithium batteries, bio-batteries are less likely to retain most of their energy. This causes a problem when it comes to long term usage and storage of energy for these batteries. However, researchers are continuing to develop the battery in order to make it a more practical replacement for current batteries and sources of energy.
The bio-batteries are environmentally friendly as they did not use harmful chemicals or metals. . With that in mind, scientists seem to be exploring every possible option in bio-battery and fuel-cell technology.
They serve as a new form of energy that is proving to be environmentally friendly, as well as successful, in producing and reserving energy. Although the batteries are still being tested before being commercially sold, several research teams and engineers are working to further advance the development of these batteries.
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