FPGA Architectures

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A field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is an integrated circuit designed to be configured by a customer or a designer after manufacturing?hence "field-programmable".
FPGAs contain programmable logic components called "logic blocks", and a hierarchy of reconfigurable interconnects that allow the blocks to be "wired together"?somewhat like many (changeable) logic gates that can be inter-wired in (many) different configurations. Logic blocks can be configured to perform complex combinational functions, or merely simple logic gates like AND and XOR. In most FPGAs, the logic blocks also include memory elements, which may be simple flip-flops or more complete blocks of memory. In addition to digital functions, some FPGAs have analog features

The Spartan-3E FPGA is embedded with the 90nm technology at? theheart of its architecture. This reduces the die size and cost, increasesmanufacturing efficiency, and addresses a wider range of applications. Youcan integrate embedded processing, digital signal processing (DSP), andconnectivity capabilities into Spartan-3E devices at no extra cost. These are supported with customized tools (ISE and EDK), JTAG probes, IP cores,design services, and training. The Spartan-3E diagram shown in Figure 2.3allows users to easily migrate to different densities across multiple packagesand supports 18 different single-ended and differential I/O standards.

The main advantages are High Speed Connectivity, High Performance Solutions and Lowest Cost Embedded Processing Solutions.

High Speed Connectivity

System connectivity consists of physical parallel I/O interfaces and the protocols required for higher bandwidth. The Spartan-3E device I/O pins support full functionality for fast, flexible electrical interfaces. The PCI- Express slots are 100 MHz compatible. Also there are 18 I/O standards, DDR I/O registers, DCMs.

High Performance DSP Solutions

Spartan-3E FPGAs help you efficiently build DSP solutions that handle. Up to 9.1 billion multiply and accumulates (MACs) per second. There are up to 36, 18x18 embedded multipliers for implementing compact DSP structures such as MAC engines, and adaptive and fully parallel FIR filters. The Block RAM can be used for storing partial products and coefficients.

Lowest Cost Embedded Processing Solutions

The effective fractional cost of incorporating the MicroBlaze? (32-bit soft processor) into a Spartan-3E FPGA is very less. The Xilinx MicroBlaze with Spartan-3E FPGA (Figure 2.4) can be used to integrate the entire processing engine, all control functions, and additional supporting logic into a single cost-effective platform. The Embedded Development Kit (EDK) offers a common development environment for Spartan Series FPGAs with MicroBlaze.

The FPGA implementation is divided into blocks, each block implementing a separate portion of the algorithm. This approach allowed for concurrent development and for testing of individual blocks. The inbuilt finite state machine (FSM) controls each block. In addition, a high-level FSM controls the interaction of the blocks. Each computational block is implemented in C and checked for proper functionality with simulators (ISE Simulator).

 

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